Cooks, Restaurant earn a median of $37,390 per year ($17.98/hr) (BLS OEWS, May 2025). Employment is projected to grow 12.1% through 2035, with about 218,600 openings a year (BLS EP, 2025–2035). Typical entry-level education: No formal educational credential.
- SOC 35-2014
- Food Preparation and Serving Related
- Last updated October 15, 2026
At a glance
Cook, Restaurant in four numbers
- Median pay
- $37,390a year, or $17.98/hrBLS OEWS, May 2025Lowest 10% $29KTop 10% $48K
US median, all jobs: $50,980
- Projected growth
- +12.1%Much faster than averageBLS EP, 2025–2035This career+12.1%All jobs+3.5%
Projected employment change, 2025–2035 Item Value This career +12.1% All jobs +3.5% - Openings a year
- 218,6001,417,500 jobs todayBLS EP, 2025–2035
- Jobs in 20251.4M
- Projected 20351.6M
Employment, 2025–2035 Item Value Jobs in 2025 1.4M Projected 2035 1.6M - Typical education
- No formal credentialneeded to enterBLS EP, 2025–2035; mix: O*NET
- Less than high school34.4%
- High school47.3%
- Certificate0.1%
- Some college6.4%
- Associate's11.8%
Highest education held by cooks, restaurant Segment Value Less than high school 34.4% High school 47.3% Certificate 0.1% Some college 6.4% Associate's 11.8%
Also advertised as: Back Line Cook, Banquet Cook, Breakfast Cook, Cook, Fry Cook, Grill Cook.
Pay
How much do cooks make?
Cooks, Restaurant earn a median of $37,390 a year ($17.98 an hour, or about $3,120 a month); the lowest-paid 10% earn less than $28,700 and the top 10% more than $47,900 (BLS OEWS, May 2025).
The best-paying state is Washington, with a median of $46,800. See Cook, restaurant salary in Washington and every other state. By city, pay is highest around Kahului ($54,450 average): salary in every city.
Every cook, restaurant in the US, by percentile of annual wage
Median
$37,390
Middle half earn $34,010 to $44,620
- 10th
- $28,700
- 25th
- $34,010
- 75th
- $44,620
- 90th
- $47,900
All US occupations: $50,980
| Percentile | Value |
|---|---|
| 10th | $28,700 |
| 25th | $34,010 |
| Median | $37,390 |
| 75th | $44,620 |
| 90th | $47,900 |
| All US occupations | $50,980 |
Source: BLS OEWS, May 2025
- Median annual wage
- $37,390
- Median hourly wage
- $17.98/hr
- Mean annual wage
- $38,730
- People employed
- 1,409,890
Versus all US occupations
At $37,390, Cooks, Restaurant earn 27% below the $50,980 median across all US occupations, a difference of $13,590 a year.
Versus food preparation and serving related occupations
Inside the Food Preparation and Serving Related group, where the middle occupation pays $35,360, this is 6% above the group median.
Pay range
The top 10% earn $47,900 or more while the bottom 10% earn $28,700, a gap of 1.7×. That is a narrow spread, so experience and employer move pay less than in most occupations.
Rank in the bank
This median pays more than 5% of the 1,741 occupations in the NueCareer career bank.
Cost of living
Washington posts the highest raw median ($46,800), but once local prices are taken into account Maine leads at $46,667 in national-average dollars.
Pay by state
Which states pay cooks the most?
State medians come from the same OEWS release as the national figures. The cost-of-living column divides each state median by that state's BEA Regional Price Parity, restating pay in national-average dollars so a high-cost state and a low-cost one can be compared directly.
| State | Median | COL-adjusted | Employed |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1Washington | $46,800 | $43,733 | 35,140 |
| 2District of Columbia | $46,130 | $41,974 | 7,720 |
| 3Massachusetts | $45,600 | $43,118 | 29,570 |
| 4Hawaii | $45,420 | $41,309 | 11,090 |
| 5Vermont | $45,390 | $46,336 | 2,360 |
| 6Maine | $45,290 | $46,667 | 5,130 |
| 7California | $44,880 | $40,535 | 152,250 |
| 8New York | $43,680 | $40,474 | 71,530 |
| 9Oregon | $43,100 | $41,699 | 21,550 |
| 10Colorado | $41,600 | $40,368 | 30,600 |
Job outlook
Is cook, restaurant a growing career?
Employment change over 2025–2035, against every US occupation
Much faster than average. +12.1% projected growth vs 3.5% for all occupations.
| Item | Value |
|---|---|
| Cooks, Restaurant | +12.1% |
| All US occupations | +3.5% |
Source: BLS EP, 2025–2035
Much faster than average
BLS projects employment of Cooks, Restaurant to change 12.1% over 2025–2035, roughly 3.5× the 3.5% projected for all occupations. That is 171,400 more jobs.
Annual openings
About 218,600 openings are projected each year, 15.4% of the 1,417,500 jobs that existed in 2025. Most come from workers leaving the occupation, not from growth alone.
Overall employment of cooks is projected to grow 7 percent from 2025 to 2035, much faster than the average for all occupations.
Many of those openings are expected to result from the need to replace workers who transfer to different occupations or exit the labor force, such as to retire.
Projected employment of cooks varies by occupation (see table).
Population and income growth are expected to result in greater consumer demand for food at a variety of dining places. People will continue to eat out, buy takeout meals, or have food delivered. New restaurants, cafeterias, and catering services are expected to open, requiring more cooks to prepare meals for this increased consumer demand.
AI exposure: moderate
BLS places this occupation in its moderate relative AI exposure category, below the middle of the pack: some of the work overlaps with what AI can do, much of it does not.
Getting in
How to become a cook, restaurant
Most cooks learn their skills through on-the-job training and work-related experience. Although no formal education is typically required, some cooks attend culinary schools. Others attend vocational or apprenticeship programs.
- 1
Typical entry-level education
No formal educational credential
- 2
Work experience in a related occupation
Less than 5 years
- 3
Typical on-the-job training
Moderate-term on-the-job training
- 4
Preparation needed (O*NET job zone)
Some preparation
BLS Employment Projections, 2025–2035; job zone from O*NET 31.0 Database.
What education people in the job have
O*NET incumbent survey: the highest level of education reported by people already working as cooks, restaurant.
- High School Diploma or the equivalent (such as a GED)47.3%
- Less than a High School Diploma34.4%
- Associate's Degree or other 2-year degree11.8%
- Some College Courses6.4%
- Post-Secondary Certificate0.1%
| Item | Value |
|---|---|
| High School Diploma or the equivalent (such as a GED) | 47.3% |
| Less than a High School Diploma | 34.4% |
| Associate's Degree or other 2-year degree | 11.8% |
| Some College Courses | 6.4% |
| Post-Secondary Certificate | 0.1% |
Source: O*NET 31.0 Database
The work
What does a cook, restaurant do?
Prepare, season, and cook dishes such as soups, meats, vegetables, or desserts in restaurants. May order supplies, keep records and accounts, price items on menu, or plan menu.
Cooks season and prepare foods, including soups, salads, entrees, and desserts.
Day-to-day tasks
- Turn or stir foods to ensure even cooking.
- Ensure freshness of food and ingredients by checking for quality, keeping track of old and new items, and rotating stock.
- Portion, arrange, and garnish food, and serve food to waiters or patrons.
- Season and cook food according to recipes or personal judgment and experience.
- Substitute for or assist other cooks during emergencies or rush periods.
- Observe and test foods to determine if they have been cooked sufficiently, using methods such as tasting, smelling, or piercing them with utensils.
- Ensure food is stored and cooked at correct temperature by regulating temperature of ovens, broilers, grills, and roasters.
- Wash, peel, cut, and seed fruits and vegetables to prepare them for consumption.
O*NET core tasks, ordered by reported importance.
Working conditions and hours
Most cooks work full time, although part-time work is common. Work schedules vary and may include early mornings, late evenings, weekends, and holidays. In school cafeterias and some institutional cafeterias, cooks usually have more regular hours.
Cooks who are employed in schools may work only during the school year, typically for 9 or 10 months. Similarly, cooks who are employed in some resort establishments work only for seasonal operation.
Where the work happens
Indoors, climate-controlled
NeverEvery dayIndoors, in a climate-controlled space, every day.
Outdoors in all weather
NeverEvery day
Physical demands
Sitting
NeverAlmost all the timeStanding
NeverAlmost all the timeOn their feet more than half the working day.
Bending or twisting
NeverAlmost all the time
Working with people
Contact with other people
NoneConstantFace-to-face discussions
NeverEvery dayDealing with the public
Not importantExtremely important
Pressure and stakes
Strict deadlines
NeverEvery dayConflict situations
NeverEvery dayCost of a mistake
Not seriousExtremely serious
Autonomy
Freedom to decide
NoneA lot
Schedules: BLS Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2025–2035 edition. Conditions: O*NET Work Context survey. Each item has its own scale, so each dot is read against the two answers that end its own line.
Core skills
O*NET importance, 1 to 5
- Speaking3.0
- Critical Thinking3.0
- Monitoring3.0
- Active Listening2.9
- Reading Comprehension2.8
- Active Learning2.8
- Writing2.3
- Mathematics2.3
| Item | Value |
|---|---|
| Speaking | 3.0 |
| Critical Thinking | 3.0 |
| Monitoring | 3.0 |
| Active Listening | 2.9 |
| Reading Comprehension | 2.8 |
| Active Learning | 2.8 |
| Writing | 2.3 |
| Mathematics | 2.3 |
Source: O*NET 31.0 Database
Transferable skills
O*NET importance, 1 to 5
- Time Management3.0
- Coordination2.6
- Judgment and Decision Making2.6
- Social Perceptiveness2.5
- Operations Monitoring2.5
- Service Orientation2.4
- Complex Problem Solving2.4
- Quality Control Analysis2.4
| Item | Value |
|---|---|
| Time Management | 3.0 |
| Coordination | 2.6 |
| Judgment and Decision Making | 2.6 |
| Social Perceptiveness | 2.5 |
| Operations Monitoring | 2.5 |
| Service Orientation | 2.4 |
| Complex Problem Solving | 2.4 |
| Quality Control Analysis | 2.4 |
Source: O*NET 31.0 Database
Tools and software
- Electronic mail software · in demand
- Office suite software · in demand
- Spreadsheet software · in demand
- Web page creation and editing software · in demand
- Word processing software · in demand
- Compliance software
- Data base user interface and query software
- Materials requirements planning logistics and supply chain software
- Point of sale POS software
“In demand” marks an O*NET Employer-Based Hot Technology, software named in real job postings for this occupation.
The workforce
Who works as a cook, restaurant?
Women make up 43.7% of cooks, restaurant, close to their 47.1% share of all employed people.
Only 16.9% are 55 or older (23.2% across all jobs): a young workforce, with 29.8% under 25.
The median worker is 34.7 years old (all workers: 42.1).
- Women
- 43.7%All workers 47.1% · BLS CPS, 2025
- Median age
- 34.7All workers 42.1 · BLS CPS, 2025
- Aged 55+
- 16.9%All workers 23.2% · BLS CPS, 2025
- Employed (CPS)
- 2,099,000Cooks · BLS CPS, 2025
| Group | Share of cooks, restaurant | All employed people |
|---|---|---|
| Women | 43.7% | 47.1% |
| White | 71.4% | 75.7% |
| Black or African American | 17.3% | 12.7% |
| Asian | 5.6% | 7.5% |
| Hispanic or Latino (any race) | 39.2% | 20.0% |
| Aged 55 and over | 16.9% | 23.2% |
| Aged 16 to 24 | 29.8% | 12.2% |
Current Population Survey annual averages, 2025 (BLS tables 11 and 11b). Race groups can overlap with Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, so they do not sum to 100%. CPS reports this occupation only within the wider Census group “Cooks”, so these figures are for that group.
Personality fit
What personality type suits a cook, restaurant?
O*NET Occupational Interests (RIASEC), scored 1 to 7
| Axis | Cook, Restaurant |
|---|---|
| Realistic | 6 |
| Investigative | 2 |
| Artistic | 3 |
| Social | 3 |
| Enterprising | 4 |
| Conventional | 4 |
Source: O*NET 31.0 Database
What the work is built around
Day to day this is work built around hands-on, practical work with tools, machines or the outdoors, combined with organising, following procedures and working precisely with data.
- Realistic5.6
- Conventional3.8
- Enterprising3.7
- Social2.9
- Artistic2.7
- Investigative1.6
Closest MBTI types
NueCareer fit scores: cosine similarity between each MBTI type's interest vector and this occupation's O*NET interest profile. Not a BLS or O*NET figure; the method is documented on our methodology page.
Questions
Cook, Restaurant: frequently asked questions
How much do cooks make?
Cooks, Restaurant earn a median of $37,390 a year (BLS OEWS, May 2025), 27% below the $50,980 median for all US occupations. That works out at $17.98/hr. The middle half earn between $34,010 and $44,620. The top 10% earn $47,900 or more.
How much do cooks make an hour?
The median hourly wage for cooks, restaurant is $17.98 (BLS OEWS, May 2025). On a full-year basis the $37,390 annual median works out to about $3,120 a month before tax.
What is the starting salary for a cook, restaurant?
BLS does not publish a starting salary. The nearest measure is the low end of the pay range: the lowest-paid 10% of cooks, restaurant earn less than $28,700 a year and the bottom quarter less than $34,010 (BLS OEWS, May 2025). New workers often start near that end, but where a particular job starts depends on the employer, the state and the credentials you bring, so read these as the bottom of the range rather than a guaranteed entry wage.
Which states pay cooks the most?
The highest state medians for Cooks, Restaurant are Washington ($46,800), District of Columbia ($46,130), Massachusetts ($45,600) (BLS OEWS, May 2025). Adjusted for local prices using BEA Regional Price Parities, Maine moves to the top at $46,667.
What kind of cook, restaurant earns the most?
BLS does not split cooks, restaurant' pay by specialty or employer, but its range shows how far the top end runs: the highest-paid 10% earn more than $47,900, against a median of $37,390 (BLS OEWS, May 2025). Location moves pay the most in the published data: the best-paying states are Washington ($46,800), District of Columbia ($46,130), Massachusetts ($45,600).
Do you need a degree to become a cook, restaurant?
No. BLS lists no formal educational credential as the typical entry requirement for Cooks, Restaurant, and O*NET rates the preparation needed as some preparation. BLS also lists moderate-term on-the-job training as typical on-the-job training. Employers typically expect less than 5 years of related work experience first. In O*NET's survey of people already doing the job, 47.3% hold high school diploma or the equivalent (such as a ged).
How long does it take to become a cook, restaurant?
BLS does not publish a fixed length; it depends on the route. What it does publish: the typical way in for cooks is no formal educational credential, plus less than 5 years of work experience in a related occupation. Once hired, BLS lists moderate-term on-the-job training as typical. O*NET classes the work as needing some preparation.
Is cook, restaurant a growing career?
Yes, strongly. Employment is projected to grow 12.1% over 2025–2035, more than double the 3.5% projected for all occupations (BLS EP, 2025–2035). BLS still projects about 218,600 openings a year, mostly from workers retiring or moving to other work.
What does a cook, restaurant do?
Cooks season and prepare foods, including soups, salads, entrees, and desserts. A core O*NET task: turn or stir foods to ensure even cooking. Employers most often ask for Electronic mail software, Office suite software, Spreadsheet software.
Do cooks work 40 hours a week?
A 40-hour week is the most common pattern, though not a majority. In O*NET's survey of people in the job, 15% of cooks, restaurant usually work more than 40 hours a week, 47% work exactly 40 and 38% work fewer. 77% say their schedule is regular and 18% irregular. Source: O*NET 31.0 Database, Work Context.
What personality type suits a cook, restaurant?
O*NET scores Cooks, Restaurant highest on the Realistic, Conventional and Enterprising interest areas, so the work mixes hands-on, practical work with tools, machines or the outdoors with organising, following procedures and working precisely with data. On NueCareer's MBTI-to-interest mapping the closest types are ESTJ, ISTJ. Personality is a fit signal, not a gate. The free NueCareer quiz scores your own profile against all 1,731 careers in the bank.
What percentage of cooks are women?
Women make up 43.7% of cooks, restaurant, close to their 47.1% share of all employed people. Only 16.9% are 55 or older (23.2% across all jobs): a young workforce, with 29.8% under 25. The median worker is 34.7 years old (all workers: 42.1). Source: BLS Current Population Survey, 2025 annual averages, for the Census group "Cooks".






