Surgeon who operates on the heart, lungs, esophagus and great vessels, including bypass, valve repair, lung cancer resection and transplant. Doximity Physician Compensation Report 2025 puts typical pay at $689,969 a year (2024). BLS does not publish separate figures for orthopedic surgeons, except pediatric; it counts them within orthopedic surgeon, except pediatric (SOC 29-1242), whose median pay is $358,550 a year (BLS OEWS, May 2025). Typical entry-level education: Doctoral or professional degree.
- SOC 29-1242
- Healthcare Practitioners and Technical
- Last updated October 9, 2026
At a glance
Cardiothoracic Surgeon in four numbers
- Median pay
- $358,550a year, or $172.38/hrBLS OEWS, May 2025Lowest 10% $84KTop 10% $659K
US median, all jobs: $50,980
- Projected growth
- +4.0%About as fast as averageBLS EP, 2025–2035This career+4%All jobs+3.5%
Projected employment change, 2025–2035 Item Value This career +4% All jobs +3.5% - Openings a year
- 40015,500 jobs todayBLS EP, 2025–2035
- Jobs in 202515.5K
- Projected 203516.1K
Employment, 2025–2035 Item Value Jobs in 2025 15.5K Projected 2035 16.1K - Typical education
- Doctorateneeded to enterBLS EP, 2025–2035; mix: O*NET
Also advertised as: Cardiac Surgeon, Thoracic Surgeon, Heart Surgeon, Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgeon, General Thoracic Surgeon.
Pay
How much do Orthopedic Surgeons, Except Pediatric make?
Industry-reported pay
$689,969
Average annual compensation, US physicians in thoracic surgery, all practice settings (survey of full-time physicians).
Source: Doximity Physician Compensation Report 2025, 2024 (published compensation survey). This is not a BLS figure: BLS counts orthopedic surgeons, except pediatric within orthopedic surgeon, except pediatric, whose pay is shown below. Doximity Physician Compensation Report 2025 · TCTMD: Latest STS compensation data show pay is up but still lags for female surgeons
Every cardiothoracic surgeon in the US, by percentile of annual wage
Median
$358,550
Middle half earn $180,610 to $530,700
- 10th
- $84,170
- 25th
- $180,610
- 75th
- $530,700
- 90th
- $659,290
All US occupations: $50,980
| Percentile | Value |
|---|---|
| 10th | $84,170 |
| 25th | $180,610 |
| Median | $358,550 |
| 75th | $530,700 |
| 90th | $659,290 |
| All US occupations | $50,980 |
Source: BLS OEWS, May 2025
- Median annual wage
- $358,550
- Median hourly wage
- $172.38/hr
- Mean annual wage
- $373,570
- People employed
- 14,100
Versus all US occupations
At $358,550, Orthopedic Surgeons, Except Pediatric earn 603% above the $50,980 median across all US occupations, a difference of $307,570 a year.
Versus healthcare practitioners and technical occupations
Inside the Healthcare Practitioners and Technical group, where the middle occupation pays $102,760, this is 249% above the group median.
Pay range
The top 10% earn $659,290 or more while the bottom 10% earn $84,170, a gap of 7.8×. That is an unusually wide spread, which usually tracks specialisation, employer type and years of experience.
Rank in the bank
This median pays more than 99% of the 1,741 occupations in the NueCareer career bank.
Highest-paying state
Missouri pays the most at $842,800, and still leads at $928,020 once local prices are taken into account.
Pay by state
Which states pay Orthopedic Surgeons, Except Pediatric the most?
State medians come from the same OEWS release as the national figures. The cost-of-living column divides each state median by that state's BEA Regional Price Parity, restating pay in national-average dollars so a high-cost state and a low-cost one can be compared directly.
| State | Median | COL-adjusted | Employed |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1Missouri | $842,800 | $928,020 | N/A |
| 2West Virginia | $597,740 | $667,888 | 120 |
| 3Wisconsin | $572,060 | $607,960 | 290 |
| 4Montana | $560,820 | $592,551 | N/A |
| 5Arizona | $558,970 | $555,211 | 110 |
| 6New Hampshire | $555,670 | $533,452 | 80 |
| 7Washington | $553,310 | $517,049 | 290 |
| 8Mississippi | $544,130 | $625,775 | N/A |
| 9Minnesota | $537,830 | $545,350 | 320 |
| 10Oklahoma | $530,070 | $603,429 | 30 |
Job outlook
Is Cardiothoracic Surgeon a growing career?
Employment change over 2025–2035, against every US occupation
About as fast as average. +4.0% projected growth vs 3.5% for all occupations.
| Item | Value |
|---|---|
| Orthopedic Surgeons, Except Pediatric | +4% |
| All US occupations | +3.5% |
Source: BLS EP, 2025–2035
About as fast as average
BLS projects employment of Orthopedic Surgeons, Except Pediatric to change 4.0% over 2025–2035, against 3.5% projected for all occupations. That is 600 more jobs.
Annual openings
About 400 openings are projected each year, 2.6% of the 15,500 jobs that existed in 2025. Most come from workers leaving the occupation, not from growth alone.
Getting in
How to become a Cardiothoracic Surgeon
After medical school, surgeons either enter a six-year integrated thoracic surgery residency or complete general surgery residency followed by a two- or three-year thoracic surgery fellowship, all accredited by the ACGME. Training covers adult cardiac, general thoracic and congenital surgery.
Certification comes from the American Board of Thoracic Surgery, which requires a qualifying written exam and an oral certifying exam. Many surgeons add further training in transplantation, minimally invasive valve surgery, aortic surgery or mechanical circulatory support. The Society of Thoracic Surgeons is the main professional body and runs national outcomes databases that surgeons report into.
- 1
Typical entry-level education
Doctoral or professional degree
- 2
Work experience in a related occupation
None
- 3
Typical on-the-job training
Internship/residency
- 4
Preparation needed (O*NET job zone)
Considerable preparation
BLS Employment Projections, 2025–2035; job zone from O*NET 31.0 Database.
The work
What does a Cardiothoracic Surgeon do?
Cardiothoracic surgeons operate inside the chest. Cardiac surgeons perform coronary artery bypass grafting, repair or replace heart valves, fix aortic aneurysms and dissections, and implant mechanical heart pumps. General thoracic surgeons remove lung and esophageal cancers, treat problems of the chest wall and airway, and increasingly work through small incisions with video and robotic tools.
They work closely with cardiologists, pulmonologists, anesthesiologists and perfusionists, who run the heart-lung machine during open-heart surgery. A large share of the job is deciding, with the heart or cancer team, which patients are best served by surgery, a catheter-based procedure or medical treatment, and then managing recovery in the cardiac or surgical intensive care unit.
Day-to-day tasks
- Perform coronary artery bypass grafting and heart valve repair or replacement
- Repair aortic aneurysms and dissections
- Resect lung, esophageal and mediastinal tumors using open, video-assisted or robotic techniques
- Implant ventricular assist devices and participate in heart or lung transplantation
- Review cardiac catheterization, echocardiography and CT findings to plan operations
- Discuss treatment options with heart team and tumor board colleagues
- Manage patients after surgery in cardiac and surgical intensive care units
Typical tasks, researched by NueCareer from the sources below.
Working conditions and hours
Most cardiothoracic surgeons work in hospitals with cardiac surgery programs, often academic or large regional centers. Operations are long and technically demanding, and patients may need urgent surgery at any hour, so call is heavy. Days split between the operating room, the intensive care unit and outpatient clinic.
Tools and software
- Medical software · in demand
- Operating system software · in demand
- Graphics or photo imaging software
- Human resources software
“In demand” marks an O*NET Employer-Based Hot Technology, software named in real job postings for this occupation.
Personality fit
What personality type suits a Cardiothoracic Surgeon?
NueCareer estimate (Holland code IRS) built on O*NET's Orthopedic Surgeon, Except Pediatric profile, scored 1 to 7
| Axis | Cardiothoracic Surgeon |
|---|---|
| Realistic | 5 |
| Investigative | 7 |
| Artistic | 1 |
| Social | 5 |
| Enterprising | 2 |
| Conventional | 4 |
Source: O*NET 31.0 Database
What the work is built around
Day to day this is work built around investigating, analysing and solving problems with ideas and data, combined with hands-on, practical work with tools, machines or the outdoors.
- Investigative6.5
- Realistic5.3
- Social5.0
- Conventional3.9
- Enterprising2.4
- Artistic1.5
Closest MBTI types
NueCareer fit scores: cosine similarity between each MBTI type's interest vector and this occupation's O*NET interest profile. Not a BLS or O*NET figure; the method is documented on our methodology page.
Explore further
Careers related to Cardiothoracic Surgeon
O*NET related occupations
- Healthcare Practitioners and Technical
- Healthcare Practitioners and Technical
- Healthcare Practitioners and Technical
- Healthcare Practitioners and Technical
- Healthcare Practitioners and Technical
- Healthcare Practitioners and Technical
More healthcare practitioners and technical careers
Median annual pay, with orthopedic surgeons, except pediatric highlighted
- Anesthesiologist$391,490
- Cardiothoracic Surgeon$358,550
- Physician Assistant$135,880
- Nurse Practitioner$132,300
- Physical Therapist$102,760
- Dental Hygienist$98,100
- Diagnostic Medical Sonographer$96,590
- Radiologic Technologist and Technician$80,110
- Surgical Technologist$64,650
| Item | Value |
|---|---|
| Anesthesiologist | $391,490 |
| Cardiothoracic Surgeon | $358,550 |
| Physician Assistant | $135,880 |
| Nurse Practitioner | $132,300 |
| Physical Therapist | $102,760 |
| Dental Hygienist | $98,100 |
| Diagnostic Medical Sonographer | $96,590 |
| Radiologic Technologist and Technician | $80,110 |
| Surgical Technologist | $64,650 |
Source: BLS OEWS, May 2025
Lists Cardiothoracic Surgeon appears on
Questions
Cardiothoracic Surgeon: frequently asked questions
How much do Orthopedic Surgeons, Except Pediatric make?
Doximity Physician Compensation Report 2025 reports $689,969 (average annual compensation, US physicians in thoracic surgery, all practice settings (survey of full-time physicians), 2024). BLS does not publish a separate wage for orthopedic surgeons, except pediatric. It counts them within orthopedic surgeon, except pediatric, whose median pay is $358,550 a year (BLS OEWS, May 2025). The middle half of that occupation earn between $180,610 and $530,700, and the top 10% earn $659,290 or more.
Do you need a degree to become a Cardiothoracic Surgeon?
Yes, and beyond a bachelor's: BLS lists a doctoral or professional degree as the typical entry requirement for Orthopedic Surgeons, Except Pediatric. BLS also lists internship/residency as typical on-the-job training.
Is Cardiothoracic Surgeon a growing career?
It is stable rather than fast-growing: employment is projected to change 4.0% over 2025–2035, about the same as the 3.5% projected across all occupations (BLS EP, 2025–2035). BLS still projects about 400 openings a year, mostly from workers retiring or moving to other work.
What does a Cardiothoracic Surgeon do?
Cardiothoracic surgeons operate inside the chest. A typical task: perform coronary artery bypass grafting and heart valve repair or replacement. Employers most often ask for Medical software, Operating system software.
Which states pay Orthopedic Surgeons, Except Pediatric the most?
The highest state medians for Orthopedic Surgeons, Except Pediatric are Missouri ($842,800), West Virginia ($597,740), Wisconsin ($572,060) (BLS OEWS, May 2025).
What personality type suits a Cardiothoracic Surgeon?
O*NET scores Orthopedic Surgeons, Except Pediatric highest on the Investigative, Realistic and Social interest areas, so the work mixes investigating, analysing and solving problems with ideas and data with hands-on, practical work with tools, machines or the outdoors. On NueCareer's MBTI-to-interest mapping the closest types are ISTJ, ISTP. Personality is a fit signal, not a gate. The free NueCareer quiz scores your own profile against all 1,731 careers in the bank.