Installation, Maintenance, and Repair

Maintenance and Repair Worker, General Salary (2026), outlook and how to become one

Perform work involving the skills of two or more maintenance or craft occupations to keep machines, mechanical equipment, or the structure of a building in repair.

Median pay
$49,590
Growth to 2035
+4.2%
Openings a year
148,700
Typical entry
High school

The median pay for Maintenance and Repair Workers, General is $49,590 a year ($23.84/hr), according to BLS OEWS, May 2025. Employment is projected to grow 4.2% through 2035, with about 148,700 openings a year (BLS EP, 2025–2035). Typical entry-level education: High school diploma or equivalent.

  • SOC 49-9071
  • Installation, Maintenance, and Repair
  • Last updated October 15, 2026

At a glance

Maintenance and Repair Worker, General in four numbers

Median pay
$49,590a year, or $23.84/hr
Lowest 10% $35KTop 10% $77K

US median, all jobs: $50,980

BLS OEWS, May 2025
Projected growth
+4.2%About as fast as average
This career
+4.2%
All jobs
+3.5%
Projected employment change, 2025–2035
ItemValue
This career+4.2%
All jobs+3.5%
BLS EP, 2025–2035
Openings a year
148,7001,621,800 jobs today
  • Jobs in 20251.6M
  • Projected 20351.7M
Employment, 2025–2035
ItemValue
Jobs in 20251.6M
Projected 20351.7M
BLS EP, 2025–2035
Typical education
High schoolneeded to enter
  • Less than high school1.1%
  • High school24.9%
  • Certificate63%
  • Some college6.6%
  • Associate's2.9%
  • Master's1.2%
Highest education held by maintenance and repair workers, general
SegmentValue
Less than high school1.1%
High school24.9%
Certificate63%
Some college6.6%
Associate's2.9%
Master's1.2%
BLS EP, 2025–2035; mix: O*NET

Also advertised as: Building Mechanic, Equipment Engineering Technician, Facilities Technician, Maintenance Engineer, Maintenance Journeyman, Maintenance Man.

Pay

How much do maintenance and repair workers make?

Maintenance and Repair Workers, General earn a median of $49,590 a year ($23.84 an hour, or about $4,130 a month); the lowest-paid 10% earn less than $35,350 and the top 10% more than $77,180 (BLS OEWS, May 2025).

The best-paying state is District of Columbia, with a median of $60,310. See Maintenance and repair worker, general salary in District of Columbia and every other state. By city, pay is highest around San Jose ($69,450 average): salary in every city.

Annual pay, lowest-paid to highest-paid

Every maintenance and repair worker, general in the US, by percentile of annual wage

Median

$49,590

Middle half earn $40,840 to $62,620

10th
$35,350
25th
$40,840
75th
$62,620
90th
$77,180

All US occupations: $50,980

Maintenance and Repair Worker, General annual wages
PercentileValue
10th$35,350
25th$40,840
Median$49,590
75th$62,620
90th$77,180
All US occupations$50,980

Source: BLS OEWS, May 2025

Median annual wage
$49,590
Median hourly wage
$23.84/hr
Mean annual wage
$53,780
People employed
1,529,700

Versus all US occupations

At $49,590, Maintenance and Repair Workers, General earn 3% below the $50,980 median across all US occupations, a difference of $1,390 a year.

Versus installation, maintenance, and repair occupations

Inside the Installation, Maintenance, and Repair group, where the middle occupation pays $61,150, this is 19% below the group median.

Pay range

The top 10% earn $77,180 or more while the bottom 10% earn $35,350, a gap of 2.2×. That is a typical spread for a US occupation.

Rank in the bank

This median pays more than 20% of the 1,741 occupations in the NueCareer career bank.

Cost of living

District of Columbia posts the highest raw median ($60,310), but once local prices are taken into account Minnesota leads at $60,028 in national-average dollars.

Pay by state

Which states pay maintenance and repair workers the most?

State medians come from the same OEWS release as the national figures. The cost-of-living column divides each state median by that state's BEA Regional Price Parity, restating pay in national-average dollars so a high-cost state and a low-cost one can be compared directly.

Top 10 states by median annual wage for Maintenance and Repair Workers, General
StateMedianCOL-adjustedEmployed
1District of Columbia$60,310$54,8774,860
2Alaska$60,270$58,8814,590
3Minnesota$59,200$60,02829,660
4Washington$59,160$55,28332,450
5Massachusetts$58,320$55,14529,830
6Hawaii$57,960$52,7148,030
7New York$57,790$53,548119,650
8Connecticut$57,620$55,61211,700
9California$57,000$51,481143,060
10Illinois$56,720$56,74466,600
See all 54 states, sortable, with cost-of-living adjustments

Job outlook

Is maintenance and repair worker, general a growing career?

Projected change in jobs

Employment change over 2025–2035, against every US occupation

Maintenance and Repair Workers, General
+4.2%
All US occupations
+3.5%

About as fast as average. +4.2% projected growth vs 3.5% for all occupations.

Projected employment change, 2025–2035
ItemValue
Maintenance and Repair Workers, General+4.2%
All US occupations+3.5%

Source: BLS EP, 2025–2035

About as fast as average

BLS projects employment of Maintenance and Repair Workers, General to change 4.2% over 2025–2035, against 3.5% projected for all occupations. That is 68,600 more jobs.

Annual openings

About 148,700 openings are projected each year, 9.2% of the 1,621,800 jobs that existed in 2025. Most come from workers leaving the occupation, not from growth alone.

Many of those openings are expected to result from the need to replace workers who transfer to different occupations or exit the labor force, such as to retire.

Maintenance and repair workers will continue to be needed to improve and renovate residential and nonresidential properties, such as apartment buildings, commercial offices, and public buildings. This is especially true for older structures, which typically require more maintenance or repair.

AI exposure: low

BLS places this occupation in its low relative AI exposure category, among the occupations least exposed to current AI.

Will AI replace maintenance and repair workers? →

Getting in

How to become a maintenance and repair worker, general

There is no licence for a maintenance technician, and BLS records a high school diploma or equivalent as typical. The thing to understand about this job is that the licences do not attach to the role, they attach to the tasks. The moment your work crosses into electrical or plumbing, someone else's state or local licensing law applies to you, and BLS says exactly that: for more complex tasks, workers may need to be licensed or certified in a particular specialty. Handling refrigerant is the same story at federal level.

The credential path, step by step

  1. Get the diploma and, if you can, the shop classes

    BLS records a high school diploma or equivalent as typically required, and notes many general maintenance and repair workers learn basic skills in high school technical education classes, postsecondary trade or vocational schools, or community colleges.

  2. Learn from skilled workers on the job

    BLS describes workers starting by watching and learning from skilled maintenance workers, doing simple tasks such as fixing leaky faucets and replacing lightbulbs, then moving to more difficult work such as overhauling machinery or building walls. Some learn by assisting machinery repairers, carpenters or electricians. Those with prior work experience or a vocational-technical programme in a related trade may have a shorter period of on-the-job training.

  3. Consider a registered apprenticeship

    BLS notes some workers complete an apprenticeship programme combining paid on-the-job training with technical instruction, and points to apprenticeship.gov. A registered apprenticeship measured by time requires at least 2,000 hours of on-the-job learning under federal standards, with 144 hours of related technical instruction per year recommended rather than required, and ends with a nationally recognized Certificate of Completion of Apprenticeship.

  4. Find out where the licensed work starts in your state

    BLS states that for more complex tasks, workers may need to be licensed or certified in a particular specialty such as electrical or plumbing work, and that requirements vary by state and locality. This is the single most useful thing to establish before taking a maintenance job: some jurisdictions allow an in-house maintenance employee to do minor electrical or plumbing work on the employer's own property without a trade licence, and some do not. The exemption, where it exists, is usually narrow and often stops at anything requiring a permit.

  5. Get EPA section 608 certification if you touch refrigerant

    This one is federal and does not vary. EPA regulations under section 608 of the Clean Air Act require anyone who maintains, services, repairs or disposes of equipment that could release refrigerants to be certified, by passing an EPA-approved test administered by an EPA-approved certifying organisation. Certification comes in four types (Type I small appliances, Type II high and very high pressure, Type III low pressure, and Universal) and the credentials do not expire. Apprentices are exempt provided they are closely and continually supervised by a certified technician. Attaching and detaching hoses and gauges to measure pressure in an appliance is enough on its own to make you a technician under the rule.

  6. Decide whether to specialise or to manage

    BLS describes two directions of travel: training into one specific trade to become an electrician, heating and air-conditioning mechanic or plumber, or moving into supervision, management or your own repair business. Some management roles such as facilities manager or construction manager may require a college degree.

Licensing and state variation

Not a state license

The job itself is unlicensed in every state. The tasks are not, and that is where the variation lives. Electrical and plumbing licensing is set by states and often by cities and counties on top, with different thresholds for what counts as licensed work, different apprenticeship hour requirements, and different rules about whether a business can employ an unlicensed person to do minor work on its own property. Elevator, boiler, backflow prevention, pool operation and asbestos or lead work all carry their own separate credentials in many jurisdictions. BLS simply says licensing requirements vary by state and locality and points you to your own licensing board, which is the honest answer.

Who governs the credential

  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

    Requires section 608 certification of anyone who maintains, services, repairs or disposes of equipment that could release refrigerants, including maintenance staff working on building HVAC and refrigeration equipment. The four certification types never expire; closely supervised apprentices are exempt.

  • Apprenticeship.gov (US Department of Labor Office of Apprenticeship)

    Registers apprenticeship programmes, lists openings, and issues the nationally recognized Certificate of Completion of Apprenticeship through the Office of Apprenticeship or a State Apprenticeship Agency.

Credential detail for maintenance and repair worker, generals is researched by hand from the bodies that issue it, not derived from BLS or O*NET. Sources last checked August 23, 2026. Requirements change: confirm with your own state board before enrolling in anything.

What the federal data says

General maintenance and repair workers typically need a high school diploma or equivalent. They usually learn their skills on the job or in apprenticeships or training programs.

  1. 1

    Typical entry-level education

    High school diploma or equivalent

  2. 2

    Work experience in a related occupation

    None

  3. 3

    Typical on-the-job training

    Moderate-term on-the-job training

  4. 4

    Preparation needed (O*NET job zone)

    Medium preparation

BLS Employment Projections, 2025–2035; job zone from O*NET 31.0 Database.

What education people in the job have

O*NET incumbent survey: the highest level of education reported by people already working as maintenance and repair workers, general.

  • Post-Secondary Certificate63%
  • High School Diploma or the equivalent (such as a GED)24.9%
  • Some College Courses6.6%
  • Associate's Degree or other 2-year degree2.9%
  • Master's Degree1.2%
Highest education held by maintenance and repair workers, general
ItemValue
Post-Secondary Certificate63%
High School Diploma or the equivalent (such as a GED)24.9%
Some College Courses6.6%
Associate's Degree or other 2-year degree2.9%
Master's Degree1.2%

Source: O*NET 31.0 Database

Full BLS Occupational Outlook Handbook entry

The work

What does a maintenance and repair worker, general do?

Perform work involving the skills of two or more maintenance or craft occupations to keep machines, mechanical equipment, or the structure of a building in repair. Duties may involve pipe fitting; HVAC maintenance; insulating; welding; machining; carpentry; repairing electrical or mechanical equipment; installing, aligning, and balancing new equipment; and repairing buildings, floors, or stairs.

General maintenance and repair workers fix and maintain machines, mechanical equipment, and buildings. They paint, repair flooring, and work on plumbing, electrical, and air-conditioning and heating systems.

Day-to-day tasks

  1. Repair machines, equipment, or structures, using tools such as hammers, hoists, saws, drills, wrenches, or equipment such as precision measuring instruments or electrical or electronic testing devices.
  2. Adjust functional parts of devices or control instruments, using hand tools, levels, plumb bobs, or straightedges.
  3. Inspect, operate, or test machinery or equipment to diagnose machine malfunctions.
  4. Dismantle machines, equipment, or devices to access and remove defective parts, using hoists, cranes, hand tools, or power tools.
  5. Plan and lay out repair work, using diagrams, drawings, blueprints, maintenance manuals, or schematic diagrams.
  6. Assemble, install, or repair wiring, electrical or electronic components, pipe systems, plumbing, machinery, or equipment.
  7. Order parts, supplies, or equipment from catalogs or suppliers.
  8. Clean or lubricate shafts, bearings, gears, or other parts of machinery.

O*NET core tasks, ordered by reported importance.

Working conditions and hours

Fatal injury rate: 10.8 per 100,000 workers (3.3x the 3.3 average)

BLS Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries, 2024: 76 deaths that year.

Most dangerous jobs →

Most general maintenance and repair workers work full time. They may need to be on call outside normal business hours, such as during evenings and weekends, for emergency repairs.

Where the work happens

  • Indoors, climate-controlled

    NeverEvery day
  • Outdoors in all weather

    NeverEvery day

    Outdoors in all weather at least weekly.

Physical demands

  • Sitting

    NeverAlmost all the time
  • Standing

    NeverAlmost all the time

    On their feet more than half the working day.

  • Bending or twisting

    NeverAlmost all the time

    Regular bending or twisting.

Working with people

  • Contact with other people

    NoneConstant

    Constant contact with other people.

  • Face-to-face discussions

    NeverEvery day

    Face-to-face discussions every day.

  • Dealing with the public

    Not importantExtremely important

Pressure and stakes

  • Strict deadlines

    NeverEvery day
  • Conflict situations

    NeverEvery day
  • Cost of a mistake

    Not seriousExtremely serious

Autonomy

  • Freedom to decide

    NoneA lot

    A lot of freedom to make decisions without checking first.

Schedules: BLS Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2025–2035 edition. Conditions: O*NET Work Context survey. Each item has its own scale, so each dot is read against the two answers that end its own line.

Where maintenance and repair workers, general work

Share of jobs by employer type

  • Real estate and rental and leasing20%
  • Manufacturing13%
  • Government, excluding state and local education and hospitals12%
  • Accommodation and food services8%
  • Educational services; state, local, and private8%
Largest employers of Maintenance and Repair Workers, General
ItemValue
Real estate and rental and leasing20%
Manufacturing13%
Government, excluding state and local education and hospitals12%
Accommodation and food services8%
Educational services; state, local, and private8%

Source: BLS Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2025–2035 edition

Core skills

O*NET importance, 1 to 5

  • Critical Thinking3.3
  • Active Learning3.1
  • Monitoring3.1
  • Reading Comprehension3.0
  • Active Listening3.0
  • Speaking3.0
  • Writing2.9
  • Mathematics2.4
Core skills for Maintenance and Repair Workers, General
ItemValue
Critical Thinking3.3
Active Learning3.1
Monitoring3.1
Reading Comprehension3.0
Active Listening3.0
Speaking3.0
Writing2.9
Mathematics2.4

Source: O*NET 31.0 Database

Transferable skills

O*NET importance, 1 to 5

  • Equipment Maintenance3.9
  • Repairing3.9
  • Troubleshooting3.8
  • Complex Problem Solving3.1
  • Operations Monitoring3.1
  • Operation and Control3.1
  • Quality Control Analysis3.1
  • Coordination3.0
Transferable skills for Maintenance and Repair Workers, General
ItemValue
Equipment Maintenance3.9
Repairing3.9
Troubleshooting3.8
Complex Problem Solving3.1
Operations Monitoring3.1
Operation and Control3.1
Quality Control Analysis3.1
Coordination3.0

Source: O*NET 31.0 Database

Tools and software

  • Computer aided design CAD software · in demand
  • Data base user interface and query software · in demand
  • Electronic mail software · in demand
  • Enterprise resource planning ERP software · in demand
  • Office suite software · in demand
  • Operating system software · in demand
  • Presentation software · in demand
  • Project management software · in demand
  • Spreadsheet software · in demand
  • Web page creation and editing software · in demand
  • Word processing software · in demand
  • Calendar and scheduling software

“In demand” marks an O*NET Employer-Based Hot Technology, software named in real job postings for this occupation.

The workforce

Who works as a maintenance and repair worker, general?

Women make up 5.2% of maintenance and repair workers, general, against 47.1% of all employed people: a heavily male-dominated occupation.

28.5% are 55 or older (23.2% across all jobs), so a larger-than-usual share of the workforce reaches retirement age over the next decade. Those exits are counted in the BLS openings figure.

The median worker is 43.5 years old (all workers: 42.1).

Women
5.2%All workers 47.1% · BLS CPS, 2025
Median age
43.5All workers 42.1 · BLS CPS, 2025
Aged 55+
28.5%All workers 23.2% · BLS CPS, 2025
Employed (CPS)
717,000BLS CPS, 2025
Share of maintenance and repair workers, general by sex, race, ethnicity and age, against all employed people
GroupShare of maintenance and repair workers, generalAll employed people
Women
5.2%
47.1%
White
81.0%
75.7%
Black or African American
12.3%
12.7%
Asian
3.8%
7.5%
Hispanic or Latino (any race)
21.1%
20.0%
Aged 55 and over
28.5%
23.2%
Aged 16 to 24
9.5%
12.2%

Current Population Survey annual averages, 2025 (BLS tables 11 and 11b). Race groups can overlap with Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, so they do not sum to 100%.

Personality fit

What personality type suits a maintenance and repair worker, general?

Interest profile

O*NET Occupational Interests (RIASEC), scored 1 to 7

Maintenance and Repair Worker, General · Realistic: 7Maintenance and Repair Worker, General · Investigative: 3Maintenance and Repair Worker, General · Artistic: 1Maintenance and Repair Worker, General · Social: 2Maintenance and Repair Worker, General · Enterprising: 2Maintenance and Repair Worker, General · Conventional: 4
Maintenance and Repair Worker, General interest profile
AxisMaintenance and Repair Worker, General
Realistic7
Investigative3
Artistic1
Social2
Enterprising2
Conventional4

Source: O*NET 31.0 Database

What the work is built around

Day to day this is work built around hands-on, practical work with tools, machines or the outdoors, combined with organising, following procedures and working precisely with data.

  • Realistic7.0
  • Conventional4.2
  • Investigative2.5
  • Social1.8
  • Enterprising1.5
  • Artistic1.2

Closest MBTI types

NueCareer fit scores: cosine similarity between each MBTI type's interest vector and this occupation's O*NET interest profile. Not a BLS or O*NET figure; the method is documented on our methodology page.

Questions

Maintenance and Repair Worker, General: frequently asked questions

How much do maintenance and repair workers make?

Maintenance and Repair Workers, General earn a median of $49,590 a year (BLS OEWS, May 2025), 3% below the $50,980 median for all US occupations. That works out at $23.84/hr. The middle half earn between $40,840 and $62,620. The top 10% earn $77,180 or more.

How much do maintenance and repair workers make an hour?

The median hourly wage for maintenance and repair workers, general is $23.84 (BLS OEWS, May 2025). On a full-year basis the $49,590 annual median works out to about $4,130 a month before tax.

What is the starting salary for a maintenance and repair worker, general?

BLS does not publish a starting salary. The nearest measure is the low end of the pay range: the lowest-paid 10% of maintenance and repair workers, general earn less than $35,350 a year and the bottom quarter less than $40,840 (BLS OEWS, May 2025). New workers often start near that end, but where a particular job starts depends on the employer, the state and the credentials you bring, so read these as the bottom of the range rather than a guaranteed entry wage.

Do maintenance and repair workers make $100k?

Rarely. Even the 90th percentile is $77,180, so fewer than 10% of maintenance and repair workers, general earn $100,000 or more (BLS OEWS, May 2025). No state's median reaches $100,000; the highest is District of Columbia at $60,310.

Which states pay maintenance and repair workers the most?

The highest state medians for Maintenance and Repair Workers, General are District of Columbia ($60,310), Alaska ($60,270), Minnesota ($59,200) (BLS OEWS, May 2025). Adjusted for local prices using BEA Regional Price Parities, Minnesota moves to the top at $60,028.

What kind of maintenance and repair worker, general earns the most?

BLS does not split maintenance and repair workers, general' pay by specialty or employer, but its range shows how far the top end runs: the highest-paid 10% earn more than $77,180, against a median of $49,590 (BLS OEWS, May 2025). Location moves pay the most in the published data: the best-paying states are District of Columbia ($60,310), Alaska ($60,270), Minnesota ($59,200). BLS also counts 2 specialty careers inside this occupation (chimney sweep, ski lift mechanic), which share its federal pay figures.

Do you need a degree to become a maintenance and repair worker, general?

No. A bachelor's degree is not the norm: BLS reports a high school diploma or equivalent as the typical entry-level education for Maintenance and Repair Workers, General. BLS also lists moderate-term on-the-job training as typical on-the-job training. In O*NET's survey of people already doing the job, 63.0% hold post-secondary certificate.

How long does it take to become a maintenance and repair worker, general?

BLS does not publish a fixed length; it depends on the route. What it does publish: the typical way in for maintenance and repair workers is a high school diploma or equivalent. Once hired, BLS lists moderate-term on-the-job training as typical. O*NET classes the work as needing medium preparation.

Is maintenance and repair worker, general a growing career?

It is stable rather than fast-growing: employment is projected to change 4.2% over 2025–2035, about the same as the 3.5% projected across all occupations (BLS EP, 2025–2035). BLS still projects about 148,700 openings a year, mostly from workers retiring or moving to other work.

What does a maintenance and repair worker, general do?

General maintenance and repair workers fix and maintain machines, mechanical equipment, and buildings. A core O*NET task: repair machines, equipment, or structures, using tools such as hammers, hoists, saws, drills, wrenches, or equipment such as precision measuring instruments or electrical or electronic testing devices. Employers most often ask for Computer aided design CAD software, Data base user interface and query software, Electronic mail software.

Do maintenance and repair workers work 40 hours a week?

Most work more than 40. In O*NET's survey of people in the job, 63% of maintenance and repair workers, general usually work more than 40 hours a week, 38% work exactly 40 and 0% work fewer. 73% say their schedule is regular and 25% irregular. Source: O*NET 31.0 Database, Work Context.

What personality type suits a maintenance and repair worker, general?

O*NET scores Maintenance and Repair Workers, General highest on the Realistic and Conventional interest areas, so the work mixes hands-on, practical work with tools, machines or the outdoors with organising, following procedures and working precisely with data. On NueCareer's MBTI-to-interest mapping that lines up most closely with ISTJ personalities. Personality is a fit signal, not a gate. The free NueCareer quiz scores your own profile against all 1,731 careers in the bank.

Do you need a license to work as a maintenance and repair worker, general?

Not a state license. The job itself is unlicensed in every state. The tasks are not, and that is where the variation lives. Electrical and plumbing licensing is set by states and often by cities and counties on top, with different thresholds for what counts as licensed work, different apprenticeship hour requirements, and different rules about whether a business can employ an unlicensed person to do minor work on its own property. Elevator, boiler, backflow prevention, pool operation and asbestos or lead work all carry their own separate credentials in many jurisdictions. BLS simply says licensing requirements vary by state and locality and points you to your own licensing board, which is the honest answer.

What percentage of maintenance and repair workers are women?

Women make up 5.2% of maintenance and repair workers, general, against 47.1% of all employed people: a heavily male-dominated occupation. 28.5% are 55 or older (23.2% across all jobs), so a larger-than-usual share of the workforce reaches retirement age over the next decade. Those exits are counted in the BLS openings figure. The median worker is 43.5 years old (all workers: 42.1). Source: BLS Current Population Survey, 2025 annual averages.